vbid/9780306470707

Description

Fluorescence spectroscopy continues its advance to more sophisticated methods and applications. As one looks over the previous decades, its appears that the first practical instruments for time-resolved measurements appeared in the 1970�s. The instrumentation and analysis methods for time-resolved fluorescence advanced rapidly throughout the 1980�s. Since 1990 we have witnessed a rapid migration of the principles of time-resolved fluorescence to cell biology and clinical appli- tions. Most recently, we have seen the introduction of multi-photon excitation, pump-probe and stimulated emission methods for studies of biological mac- molecules and for cellular imaging. These advanced topics are the subject of the present volume. Two-photon excitation was first predicted by Maria Goppert-Mayer in 1931, but was not experimentally observed until 1961. Observation of two-photon excitation required the introduction of lasers which provided adequate photon density for multi-photon absorption. Since the early observations of two-photon excitation in the 1960s, multi-photon spectroscopy has been limited to somewhat exotic applications of chemical physics, where it is used to study the electronic symmetry of small molecules. Placing one�s self back in 1980, it would be hard to imagine the use of multi-photon excitation in biophysics or cellular imaging.Typham this is the title: Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Nonlinear and Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence 1st Edition